Flashbulb Memory Definition and Examples

Do you remember exactly where you were when you learned about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001? Can you recall with great detail what you were doing when you discovered there had been a terrible shooting at a high school in Parkland, Florida? These are called flashbulb memories—vivid memories of a significant, emotionally arousing event. Yet while these memories seem especially accurate to us, research has demonstrated that isn’t always the case. Key Takeaways: Flashbulb Memories Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing events like the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.The term â€Å"flashbulb memory† was introduced in 1977 by Roger Brown and James Kulik, but the phenomenon was known to scholars well before then.While flashbulb memories were initially believed to be accurate recollections of events, research has demonstrated that they decay over time just like regular memories. Instead, it’s our perception of such memories and our confidence in their accuracy that makes them different from other memories. Origins Well before the term â€Å"flashbulb memory† was introduced, scholars were aware of the phenomenon. As early as 1899, F.W. Colgrove, a psychologist, conducted a study in which participants were asked to describe their memories of discovering President Lincoln had been assassinated 33 years earlier. Colgrove found people’s recollections of where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news were especially vivid. It wasn’t until 1977 that Roger Brown and James Kulik introduced the term â€Å"flashbulb memories† to describe such vivid remembrances of surprising and significant events. The researchers found that people could clearly recall the context in which they heard about major events like President Kennedy’s assassination. The memories usually included where the individual was, what they were doing, who told them, and how they felt, in addition to one or more insignificant details. Brown and Kulik referred to these memories as â€Å"flashbulb† memories because they seemed to be preserved in peoples minds like a photograph at the moment a flashbulb goes off. However, the researchers also noted the memories werent always perfectly preserved. Some details were often forgotten, such what they were wearing or the hairdo of the individual who told them the news. On the whole, though, people were able to recall flashbulb memories even years later with a clarity that was lacking from other kinds of memories. Brown and Kulik accepted the accuracy of flashbulb memories and suggested that people must have a neural mechanism that enables them to remember flashbulb memories better than other memories. Yet, the researchers only asked participants to share their memories of the Kennedy assassination and other traumatic, newsworthy events at one point in time. As a result, they had no way to assess the accuracy of the memories reported by their participants. Accuracy and Consistency Cognitive psychologist Ulric Neisser’s own inaccurate recollections of where he was when he learned about the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led him to research the accuracy of flashbulb memories. In 1986, he and Nicole Harsch began research for a longitudinal study in which they asked undergraduate students to share how they’d learned about the explosion of the Challenger Space Shuttle. Three years later, they asked the participants to share their recollections of that day again. While the participants’ memories were just as vivid at both times, over 40% of participants’ memories were inconsistent between the two time periods. In fact, 25% related completely different memories. This research indicated that flashbulb memories may not be as accurate as many believed. Jennifer Talarico and David Rubin took the opportunity presented by September 11, 2001 to test this idea further. The day after the attacks, they asked 54 students at Duke University to report their memory of learning about what happened. The researchers considered these recollections flashbulb memories. They also asked the students to report an everyday memory from the previous weekend. Then, they asked participants the same questions one week, 6 weeks, or 32 weeks later. The researchers found that over time both the flashbulb and everyday memories declined at the same rate. The difference between the two kinds of memories rested in the difference in participants’ belief in their accuracy. While ratings for the vividness and belief in the accuracy of everyday memories declined over time, this wasn’t the case for flashbulb memories. This led Talarico and Rubin to conclude that flashbulb memories aren’t more accurate than normal memories. Instead, what makes flashbulb memories different from other memories, is people’s confidence in their accuracy. Being There Versus Learning About an Event In another study that took advantage of the trauma of the 9/11 attacks, Tali Sharot, Elizabeth Martorella, Mauricio Delgado, and Elizabeth Phelps explored the neural activity that accompanied the recollection of flashbulb memories versus everyday memories. Three years after the attacks, the researchers asked participants to recall their memories of the day of the attacks and their memories of an everyday event from around the same time. While all of the participants were in New York during 9/11, some were close to the World Trade Center and witnessed the devastation first hand, while others were a few miles away. The researchers found that the two groups descriptions of their memories of 9/11 varied. The group closer to the World Trade Center shared longer and more detailed descriptions of their experiences. They were also more confident about the accuracy of their memories. Meanwhile the group that was further away supplied recollections that were similar to those of their everyday memories. The researchers scanned the participants’ brains as they recalled these events and found that when participants who were close by recalled the attacks, it activated their amygdala, a part of the brain that deals with emotional response. This wasn’t the case for participants who were further away or for any of the everyday memories. While the study didnt account for the accuracy of the participants’ memories, the findings demonstrated that first-hand personal experience may be necessary to engage the neural mechanisms that result in flashbulb memories. In other words, flashbulb memories could be the result of being there rather than hearing about an event later. Sources Anderson, John R. Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications. 7th ed., Worth Publishers, 2010.Brown, Roger, and James Kulik. â€Å"Flashbulb Memories.† Cognition, vol. 5, no. 1, 1977, pp. 73-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-XNeisser, Ulric, and Nicole Harsch. â€Å"Phantom Flashbulbs: False Recollections of Hearing the News About Challenger.† Emory Symposia in Cognition, 4. Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of â€Å"Flashbulb† Memories, edited by Eugene Winograd and Ulric Neisser, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 9-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664069.003Sharot, Tali, Elizabeth A. Martorella, Mauricio R. Delgado, and Elizabeth A. Phelps. â€Å"How Personal Experience Modulates the Neural Circuitry of Memories of September 11.† PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the Unites States of America, vol. 104, no. 1, 2007, pp. 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609230103Talarico, Jennifer M., and David C. R ubin. â€Å"Confidence, Not Consistency, Characterizes Flashbulb Memories.† Psychological Science, vol. 14, no. 5, 2003, pp. 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.02453Talarico, Jennifer. â€Å"Flashbulb Memories of Dramatic Events Aren’t As Accurate As Believed.† The Conversation, 9 September, 2016. https://theconversation.com/flashbulb-memories-of-dramatic-events-arent-as-accurate-as-believed-64838

The International Monetary Fund ( Imf ) - 6431 Words

Introduction In the statement of the 2015 Article IV Consultation Mission to China, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that the Chinese economy was transitioning to a safer and higher-quality growth. In particular, the IMF highlighted that China had made good progress in recent years in reducing its large current account surpluses and its huge accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. Although undervaluation of the yuan was a major factor causing the large imbalances in the past, the appreciation of the yuan over the past few years had brought the yuan-USD exchange rate to a level that was no longer undervalued. Exchange rate, the price of a nation’s currency in terms of another currency, indicates the value of a currency: a higher exchange rate is associated with a relatively lower value of its corresponding currency. Since Chinese goods are usually valued in yuan, the only currency that is valuable for Chinese is yuan. That is, a Chinese is only interested in selling and purchasing goods in yuan. Foreign consumers, such as Americans, have to use yuan rather than dollars to purchase goods from Chinese sellers. Specifically, an American must exchange his dollars into yuan at first and then uses yuan to purchase Chinese goods. In other words, the yuan-USD exchange rate works as a tool to measure the price of the dollar in yuan. Facing the threat of trade sanctions by the U.S. Congress, China announced that it would replace its decade-old currency peg with aShow MoreRelatedInternational Monetary Fund ( Imf )2266 Words   |  10 PagesAims/Purpose International Monetary Fund (IMF) aims to maintain and defeat and sometimes to restrain the financial crises. (BBC, 2012) Basically it was created to avoid another Great Depression with an economical cooperation. It was founded more than 60 years ago at the end of the II World War. 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Originally, the IMF was designedRead MoreThe International Monetary Fund ( Imf )1501 Words   |  7 PagesTHE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) The IMF was set up during the Second World War in the year 1944. It started operation in 1947 and it has been working with the UNO since. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C in America. IMF provides short term loans to countries having problems of balance of payments. It also provides technical advice to its members and ensures free flow of trade by removing all trade restrictions. It establishes and maintains stable exchange rate between member countriesRead More The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Essay1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Monetary Fund (IMF), international economic organization whose purpose is to promote international monetary cooperation to facilitate the expansion of international trade. The IMF operates as a United Nations specialized agency and is a permanent forum for consideration of issues of international payments, in which member nations are encouraged to maintain an orderly pattern of exchange rates and to avoid restrictive exchange practices.Read MoreEssay on The International Monetary Fund (IMF)2392 Words   |  10 Pages The International Monetary Fund, is an international organization established in 1945 as part of the United Nation system. Its creation was conceived at Bretton woods, to â€Å"†¦regulate the rates at which currencies were exchanged among member countries; and it would help ensure international stability by making loans at times of crisis in member countries’ balance of payments.† Since its creation, the IMF have gain enormous power in the international community, specially influencing the

Global Marketing efforts of Toyota Motors Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Global marketing is the act of marketing products or services across national, political or cultural boundaries in a bid to maximize sales, diversify, achieve economies of scale, and explore new territories (Keller, 2003). Marketing on a global scale has been born primarily due to globalization and international expansion. Multinational companies need to expand beyond their home markets, and this involves investing in new territories, often with differing cultures and socio-cultural norms. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing efforts of Toyota Motors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hofstede (2011) notes that the most significant hurdle in global marketing has been over the past decade with an increasing number of multinational corporations seeking to gain substantial market share in China, and other developing countries (such as Brazil, India and Russia), as these countries have relatively low market penetration, high demand, but very different cultures to western countries. According to Schneider and Barsoux (1997), cultures around the world are increasingly converging, and these have resulted in the ability of multinationals to leverage their international reputation and successfully sell one product across multiple regions. Murphy and Lacziniak (2006) have also stated that the influence of technology, economic, socio-cultural and political forces makes it easier to create a marketing strategy with a mix suitable for a variety of regions and catering for different cultures. However, in as much as converging cultures may have unified demand, this does not necessarily translate to similar consumer perception or expectations across all markets. Culture affects consumer behavior by influencing consumption decisions, hence creating desires and driving the consumer to select products or brands that fulfill specific needs. As a result, organizations need to understand how cultural norms may affect their marketing strategies within respective regions in order to create a marketing strategy that can successfully penetrate new market environments (Usunier et al, 2005). This paper focuses on the global marketing efforts of Toyota Motors, and how various cultural dimensions may have an affect on its marketing activities in international markets. Cultural Analysis Toyota is the third largest automobile manufacturing company in the world, employs over 300,000 staff, and operates globally (Whoriskey, 2012). Its extensive global operations make the company an ideal case study for cultural analysis. Scholars have conducted extensive research on cultural dimensions across different regions, and the most notable of these are of Hofstede (2011), who developed a model hierarchy of the world based on an analysis of IBM managers in several countries. His model identified four main components that define cultural dimensions and these are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity / femininity, and individualism / collectivism. According to Hofstede (2011), several regions differ in their cultural dimensions, and these could have a significant impact on the marketing activities of international firms such as Toyota operating extensively within different cultural regions. Power Distance High power distance cultures are usually characterized by authoritarian societies and work environments, in which subordinates are highly dependent on their bosses in decision-making and welfare. Such societies are highly authoritative and are usually characterized by high amounts of income and gender inequality (Mooji and Hofstede, 2010). Hofstede (2011) found power distance to be high in Latin American and Arab countries, and much lower in Europe and the US. According to Hocklin (1998), high power distance cultures are usually characterized by chauffeur driven cars, while Dash et al (2009) found that countries with low power distance usually expect highly responsive and quality service; while those high on power distance attach a greater importance to tangible service attributes. These attributes relevant to the automobile industry could be prestige, reliability, exclusivity, luxury, type and cost. Therefore an emphasis of branding, in such a way that it communicates to the buyer that it would improve their prestige, reputation, and it is exclusive, would be effective in high power distance cultures. However, in low power distance cultures, an emphasis on service delivery such as roadside assistance, extended warranties, reliability and servicing could be equally effective. Power distance is also prevalent in youth consumption. In the US, a low power distance economy, about 49% of 17-year olds had driver’s licenses in 2008 (Neff, 2010). This translates to the fact that more young people are able to buy cars. However, when compared to a high power distance country like China, much less numbers of youth are able to afford automobiles, due to the high-income disparity between the rich youths and the rest of the population (Lee, 2010). Individualism / Collectivism As the title suggest, collectivism suggests a collectivist society in which a greater emphasis is placed on family values, community and team in the work place (Mooij and Hofstede, 2010), as opposed to individualism whereby it is mostly about an individual’s accomplishment and self-actualization. Dash et al (2009) found that consumers high on individualism expect lower empathy and assurance, while Murphy and Lacziniak (2006) noted that consumers high on individualism are more focused on personal preferences than family or team preferences. Regarding Toyota’s products, cultures with high individualism may see higher sales in two door sports cars and luxury vehicles, as opposed to collectivist cultures where sedans and family cars could sell higher. Furthermore, with respect to advertising and marketing, Mooij and Hofstede (2010 advocate denoting a brand in a more collective light within collectivist cultures. So for a car manufacturer like Toyota, branding efforts could center on family road trips or team based activities; or a happy couple driving their brand new jeep with a baby in the back. However, for an individualistic culture, it may focus more on a sense of self-achievement or fulfillment. Uncertainty Avoidance This refers to the extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations (Hoecklin 1998). Cultures that are strong in uncertainty avoidance are aggressive, active, compulsive and intolerant while those weak in uncertainty avoidance are less aggressive; more relaxed, contemplative and relatively tolerant (Hoecklin 1998). Markets with high uncertainty avoidance are also characterized by much lower consumer credit (Mooij and Hofstede, 2010), as consumers usually desist from financial items such as consumer loans, credit cards, mortgages or car loans. This may likely lead to a lower amount of cars being sold. Mooij and Hofstede (2010) also notes that innovativeness and a wish for change are low in high uncertainty regions, so the emphasis would center on more of the same. The same trusted brands, driving standards, and an emphasis on Toyota’s core values could be marketed. While marketing to cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, Toyota could also emphasize on the safety of its motor vehicles, the value of its brand, and its reputation; as these would most likely promote the sense of a predictability and safety. Masculinity / Feminity According to Mooij and Hofstede (2010, â€Å"an important value of masculine cultures is achievement, and when combined with individualism, success can be shown†. Hofstede (2011) labeled those cultures that strive to differentiate the roles of men and women as masculine cultures while those that permitted more overlapping social roles for the sexes as feminine cultures. Japan ranks high among the more masculine countries while Netherlands ranks lows The UK and US, on the other hand, rank in the middle of this dimension though slightly more towards masculine cultures (Assael 1998). Toyota promotes its luxury brands (Lexus) as a status symbol, while some of its other brands are off-road, strong, high capacity vehicles. With these, they have gained substantial market share in the US. Societies placing high value on feminism are less assertive, and focus more on quality of life, interpersonal relationships and a concern for the weak (Aaker Alexander 1993). These societies tend to be less extravagant in consumption and their purchase decisions, are more modest, and seek low-end products. Toyota Cultural Marketing Based on the cultural dimensions analyzed, Power Distance seems to have the most significant impact on marketing, especially in high power distance cultures. This chapter would give recommendations on how Toyota could adjust its marketing mix to account for a culture with high power distance[1]. Firstly, Toyota should focus on differentiating the market into the upper 20% and the masses. The upper 20% would be targeted for their affinity for luxury goods, and their spending power. They would be capable of purchasing luxury cars and jeeps, which would appeal to their status within the society. An emphasis should be placed on marketing service attributes such as prestige in owning the vehicle, it’s luxury, reliability and it’s status-enhancing power. Individuals should want to own new Toyota’s because it makes them feel better than their peers, and like they have achieved something. In such a high power distance culture, it is likely that the youth population and the lesser earning individuals may not be able to afford luxury vehicles. However, the vehicles sold to them, no matter how cheap or small, should be packaged in such a way that it enhances their social standing, and offers a sense of achievement even in the smallest sense. Conclusion The analysis within this report has shown that cultural attributes within a region do have an impact on global marketing. Dimensions such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance and individualism affect consumer behavior due to its impact on culture. As a result, different marketing messages and tactics are likely to appeal to different audiences based on their cultural values. It is therefore in the best interest of multinational companies to ensure they understand their target markets, and develop appropriate methods of marketing their products in the most appealing way. REFERENCES Aaker D and Alexander, L.B. (1993) Brand Equity Advertising’ Advertising’s role in building strong brands, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. Aaker, A. D. (1991) Managing Brand Equity, Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, The Free Press, New York. Assael, H., (1998) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Action. 6th edition, International Thomson Publishing. Dash, S., Bruning, E., and Acharya, M. (2009) The effect of power distance and individualism on service quality expectations in banking: A two-country individual- and national-cultural comparison†, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 27 (5), pp.336 – 358 Harner, S. (2011) Japan’s Automakers Face New Challenges (1): Toyota in China, www.forbes.com, [accessed: 12/03/2012] Hoecklin, L., 1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-42770-2 Hofstede, G., 2011. â€Å"Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions†, {Viewed on 15th March 2012} from http://www.geerthofstede.com/ Keller, K.L., 2003. Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity, 2nd Ed, Prentice hall, New Jersey. Lee, K. (2010) Debunking Myths About China’s Youth Culture, www.forbes.com, [accessed: 12/03/2012] Mooij, M, and Hofstede, G. (2010) The Hofstede model – Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 29(1), pp85 – 110 Murphy,P.E. G. R. Lacziniak, 2006. Marketing Ethics, Pearson Prentice Hall Neff, J. (2010) Is digital revolution driving decline in US car culture, www.adage.com, accessed: 12/03/2012 Schneider, S. C, J.L Barsoux, 1997. Managing across cultures, 2nd Edn, Prentice Hall Usunier, Jean-Claude J. Lee, 2005. Marketing Across Cultures, 5th Edn, FT Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0273685295 Whoriskey, P, (2012) GM once again leads the world in auto sales, www.washingtonpost.com, accessed: 12/03/2012 Zhang, Y., Winterich, K. P., and Mittal, V. (2010) Power Distance Belief and Impulsive Buying, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 47 (5) References Aaker, A. D., 1991. Managing Brand Equity, Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, The Free Press, New York. Aaker D L.B. Alexander, 1993. Brand Equity Advertising’ Advertising’s role in building strong brands. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. Assael, H., 1998. Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Action. 6th edition, International Thomson Publishing. Hoecklin, L., 1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-42770-2 Howard, J.A., J.N. Sheth, 1969. â€Å"The theory of buyer behavior†. Hofstede, G., 2011. â€Å"Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions†, {Viewed on 15th March 2012} from http://www.geerthofstede.com/ Keller, K.L., 2003. Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity, 2nd Ed, Prentice hall, New Jersey. Murphy,P.E. G. R. Lacziniak, 2006. Marketing Ethics, Pearson Prentice Hall Schneider, S. C, J.L Barsoux, 1997. Managing across cultures, 2nd Edn, Prentice Hall Usunier, Jean-Claude J. Lee, 2005. Marketing Across Cultures, 5th Edn, FT Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0273685295 [1] Toyota is in virtually all developed, developing and under developed market so it was near impossible to find a new market where they could take an existing product. The best thing was to come up with a hypothetical new market and give recommendations. How to cite Global Marketing efforts of Toyota Motors, Essay examples

Milbourn Manufacturing Production and Cash Budget

Question: Discuss about theMilbourn Manufacturingfor Production and Cash Budget. Answer: Introduction The below report has been prepared with an intention to test the production and cash budget of the company. The below reports will help the management to test the financial viability of the new project. Although looking at the financial numbers and the sales figures it looks like that the project is viable enough but these reports will test the outcomes and ensure whether the company is going in the correct direction or not. However, the company is required to base their results on some assumptions but these assumptions are must to reach out to some or the other conclusion. However, it is important that the assumptions that are being taken by the management should be realistic enough and should not be hypothetical. Part A Cash Budget of VGL Limited January February March April May Opening Balance $ 1,900,000 $ (21,386,000) $ 5,014,000 $ 32,347,500 $ 47,647,941 Receipts (Working Note 3) $ 13,464,000 $ 53,550,000 $ 48,883,500 $ 36,050,441 $ 29,598,070 A $ 15,364,000 $ 32,164,000 $ 53,897,500 $ 68,397,941 $ 77,246,012 Cash Expenses $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 $ 1,550,000 Payment to Milbourn $ 35,200,000 $ 25,600,000 $ 20,000,000 $ 19,200,000 $ 16,000,000 B $ 36,750,000 $ 27,150,000 $ 21,550,000 $ 20,750,000 $ 17,550,000 Closing Balance (A-B) $ (21,386,000) $ 5,014,000 $ 32,347,500 $ 47,647,941 $ 59,696,012 January February March April A. Sales 220,000 160,000 125,000 120,000 B. Selling Price for customers $ 510 $ 510 $ 464 $ 422 C. Selling Price for retailers $ 306 $ 306 $ 278 $ 253 D. Revenue (A * C) $ 67,320,000 $ 48,960,000 $ 34,807,500 $ 30,407,832 20% cash receipts in the current month $ 13,464,000 $ 9,792,000 $ 6,961,500 $ 6,081,566 65% cash receipts in the next 30 days $ 43,758,000 $ 31,824,000 $ 22,624,875 15% cash receipts in the next 60 days $ 10,098,000 $ 7,344,000 Total cash collected $ 13,464,000 $ 53,550,000 $ 48,883,500 $ 36,050,441 Production Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing Since no information about the closing/opening stock is given, it is assumed that all the production done is sold in the next month. December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Material Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing MATERIAL A December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (b) 3 3 3 3 Total requirement(c= a*b) 6,60,000 4,80,000 3,75,000 3,60,000 Cost per kg (d) 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Total cost (e=c*d) 2310000 1680000 1312500 1260000 MATERIAL B December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (f) 6 6 6 6 Total requirement(g= a*f) 1320000 960000 750000 720000 Cost per kg (f) 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Total cost (i=g*h) 59,40,000 43,20,000 33,75,000 3240000 MATERIAL C December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (j) 2 2 2 2 Total requirement(k= a*j) 4,40,000 3,20,000 2,50,000 2,40,000 Cost per kg (l) 10 10 10 10 Total cost (m=k*l) 44,00,000 32,00,000 25,00,000 24,00,000 Total Material Cost (e+ i+ m) 1,26,50,000 92,00,000 71,87,500 69,00,000 Labour Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Hours per unit 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Total Hours 1,10,000 80,000 62,500 60,000 Labour Rate per hour 36 36 36 36 Total Labour Cost 39,60,000 28,80,000 22,50,000 21,60,000 Cash Budget of Milbourn Manufacturing December January February March Opening Balance $ 1,550,000 $ (3,342,500) $ 18,730,000 $ 31,990,625 Amount received from VGL $ 35,200,000 $ 25,600,000 $ 20,000,000 Total Receipts (A) $ 1,550,000 $ 31,857,500 $ 44,330,000 $ 51,990,625 Labour cost $ 3,960,000 $ 2,880,000 $ 2,250,000 $ 2,250,000 Overhead Cost $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 $ 300,000 Material cost $ 632,500 $ 9,947,500 $ 9,789,375 $ 7,575,625 B $ 4,892,500 $ 13,127,500 $ 12,339,375 $ 10,125,625 Closing Balance (A-B) $ (3,342,500) $ 18,730,000 $ 31,990,625 $ 41,865,000 Working Note 1 MATERIAL A December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (b) 3 3 3 3 Total requirement(c= a*b) 6,60,000 4,80,000 3,75,000 3,60,000 Cost per kg (d) 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Total cost (e=c*d) 2,310,000 1,680,000 1,312,500 1,260,000 MATERIAL B December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (f) 6 6 6 6 Total requirement(g= a*f) 1,320,000 960,000 750,000 720,000 Cost per kg (f) 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Total cost (i=g*h) 59,40,000 43,20,000 33,75,000 3240000 MATERIAL C December January February March Production (a) 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Requirement per unit (j) 2 2 2 2 Total requirement(k= a*j) 4,40,000 3,20,000 2,50,000 2,40,000 Cost per kg (l) 10 10 10 10 Total cost (m=k*l) 44,00,000 32,00,000 25,00,000 24,00,000 Total Material Cost (e+ i+ m) 1,26,50,000 92,00,000 71,87,500 69,00,000 5% cash payments in the current month $ 632,500 $ 460,000 $ 359,375 $ 345,000 75% cash payments in the next 30 days $ 9,487,500 $ 6,900,000 $ 5,390,625 20% cash payments in the next 60 days $ 2,530,000 $ 1,840,000 Total cash payment $ 632,500 $ 9,947,500 $ 9,789,375 $ 7,575,625 Working Note 2 December January February March Production 2,20,000 1,60,000 1,25,000 1,20,000 Sales@160 3,52,00,000 2,56,00,000 2,00,00,000 1,92,00,000 Receipts from VGL Ltd. - 3,52,00,000 2,56,00,000 2,00,00,000 Part B Budgetary Slack The financial controller of the manufacturer Milbourn Manufacturers Ltd, Ross Kirkham was very concerned about the budgeted numbers that has been set up above. It has provided that if the budgeted numbers are being selected as performance targets then in that case the same could let to behavioural problems such as budgetary slack. Budgetary slack means the doubt/uncertainty about the forecasted results. It may be the: - a) Under-estimation of the budgeted revenue b) Over-estimation of the budgeted expenses. Budgetary slack tends to give a false representation that the outcome of the associated business has turned out better than anticipated. Some instances of budgetary slack are intentional, others are not, and many more fall somewhere in between. Thus in that case either it is important for the management to set up targets that looks reasonable in all respects or if the same are achieved then they should be treated as budgetary slacks. If the budgeted targets are not realistic, then in that case, the same could de motivates the employees which may put the organisation on right track in long run. Thus in that case it is very important to keep managers who are actually involved in the production cycle to be a part of the budgeting exercise. Participative Budgeting In this budgeting exercise, the people who are being getting impacted by the budget are actively involved in the exercise that took place for creation of the budget. It is very important to keep managers who are actually involved in the production cycle to be a part of the budgeting exercise. It has been well stated that being in case of Participative Budgeting, the core people who are likely be involved in the implementation of the budgeted numbers are involved at the initial level tends to make the budget more realistic and more alive. The probability of the success of the budget increases in multiple folds in this case. These types of budgets tends to give the employees a feeling that the management is aware about the financial limitations and considering the same the budget has been prepared. The employees of the company feel motivated in this regard and being the budgets are being made with an intention to curtain the expenditures, the participation of the employees tends to mak e it more realistic. The attached advantages of Participative Budgeting are as follows: The forecast basis and assumptions that has been taken into considerations tends to be more realistic. The quality of the forecasts improves in this case. The employees involved in the budget setting exercise tend to feel more motivated. The results expected in this case are more achievable then in any other case. The attached disadvantages of Participative Budgeting are as follows: Being in case of Participative Budgeting, the people who are being getting impacted by the budget are actively involved in the exercise that took place for creation of the budget, there is always a probability of creation of conservative budget. These kinds of budgets are conservative in nature with high probability of achieving with any extra efforts expected to be put in by the employees. These kinds of budgets generally takes more time to decide on and thus are time consuming and expensive. These kinds of budgets may let the management towards introduction of budgetary slacks. Sometimes the managers that are involved in the exercise are unqualified to participate in the setting exercise. Cash Management by Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited. There might be a probability that both Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited may face trouble in cash management in the initial stages. In the given case, both the companies i.e. Milbourn Manufacturing and VGL limited faced cash shortages issues in their initial stages. There are number of strategies which can be adopted by the management of both the companies to overcome their liquidity crunches. Some of them are discussed as follows: Cash Discount: The management of the company can provide cash discount to the customers in order to get prompt payment from them. This will help them in meeting down their cash requirement in the initial stages. Although they would have to bear the additional cash discount cost but the same is not important at initial stages. Watch sales: The management is supposed to watch the movement in the sales closely and thus accordingly they should make changes in their expenses trend so as to manage their cash management. Review budget: If the company is more dependent on the short term funding needs then in that case, it is important for the management to review their budget lines and check if any changes are required to be made at the middle. Overdraft facility: The banks now a days offer cash over draft facilities to the companies to overcome the short term cash shortage problems. The company can use them and accordingly can meet out their needs and requirements. Consequences of Cash Shortage There might be some situations where the management of the company would not be in a position to keep a control on the prevailing cash shortages. The situation of cash shortage may put some unnecessary pressure on the income statement of the company. The management of the company would not be in a position to work freely. They would always be pressurised and would always keep the cash shortage point into consideration at times of taking all the decisions which might impact the company in long run. The reputation of the company would also get impacted by this act of the management, where the management would always ask the vendors to extend their credit limit and on the other hand would ask the debtors for prompt payment. In the current environment, it is very important for the companies to give sufficient credit to their customers ad for the same they require enough cash with themselves. The motivation level of the employees would also get impacted by the same as they know that the c ash position of the company is not strong.( Johnston K, demand media) Consequences of too Much Cash Similar way like we have consequences in having cash shortages in the books, we also have issues if the cash balance is too high. An adequate cash management is very important. The management in this case should manage the cash and put them in liquid sources where they can earn interest on the amount. The company pay unnecessary interest on the debt in spite to the fact that they have more cash in their very hands. The management if have more cash in their hand, they would lose the opportunity of investing the same in new projects and ventures as it would be treated as a loose of opportunity for the company. Excess cash would always carry a risk of theft. Excess cash on the other hand would create internal conflict within the organisation.( John C, demand Media) References Reference.com, What are the benefits of participative budgeting, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://www.reference.com/world-view/benefits-participative-budgeting-ea68c5588099ab8b Artcile library, Agarwal R, Behavioural Implications of Budgeting (6 Implications), Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/budgeting-accounting/behavioural-implications-of-budgeting-6-implications/52800/ Small business, Kokemuller N, Why Is It a Financial Risk for Businesses to Have Too Much Cash on Hand, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/financial-risk-businesses-much-cash-hand-81214.html Small business, John C, Advantages and Disadvantages of Excess of Cash for an Organization, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-excess-cash-organization-22792.html Small business, Johnston K, Understanding Cash Shortage Overage in the Income Statement, Viewed on 25th Sept 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/understanding-cash-shortage-overage-income-statement-37788.html

Ode on Melancholy Essay Example

Ode on Melancholy Paper Keats gains inspiration from many sources, the most important of which is the natural world. Explore the varied poetic uses Keats makes of nature in the Ode on Melancholy and Ode to Autumn Keats refers to nature in many of his poems. The natural world and the human world are inspiring to him and he portrays both these ideas in the poem Ode on Melancholy. He describes nature and its beauty through descriptive language in this ode. In this ode nature present the joys in life as well its melancholic ways. Keats uses themes of mutability, nature and its course and synaesthesia. These inspirations Keats uses enable him to be a universally renowned poet as the themes give his poems individuality. Keats wrote during the Romantic period and observations and description of the natural world were very typical of writers in the period. Nature is shown in several forms throughout Ode on Melancholy and Ode to Autumn as Keats learns to accept the truth of life and all of its qualities and nature helps discover and highlight this. Ode to Melancholy begins with the descriptions of nature through the idea of suffering. Negative images are displayed, No, no telling you not to reject melancholy but learn to accept it. Poisonous plants are mentioned showing the idea of suicide, wolfs-bane and its poisonous wine suggests death and sickness through imagery of colour and the idea of pain. The first stanza urges you not to try and escape pain but to learn from it. Poison is referred to again in the final stanza in order to show Keats connection with the natural world. He refers to a bee sipping nectar, a very common and in fact pleasurable thing for a bee yet it is vastly turning into poison. We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This use of synaesthesia of the bee-mouth is able to show how quickly joy and pleasure can turn into melancholy. Sometimes there are no warning signs. It is precisely the fact that joy will come to an end that makes the experience of joy such a ravishing one; the fact that beauty dies makes the experience of beauty sharper and more thrilling. However, there are many contrasts as beauty is represented but also taken away by melancholic imagery. Like a weeping cloud is a very significant simile as nature is represented negatively although it is a common action, rain. However, weeping represents the idea of sadness and grief. Rain is not generally a negative aspect of nature. The contrast to the weeping cloud is made when this rain is able to foster the droop-headed flowers showing melancholy is also nourishing like the rain which revives the drooping flowers. Here Keats has built up an extended metaphor. The rain is very significant as it also hides the green hill showing melancholy to cover up natures finer aspects. The colour imagery of green suggests fertility, beauty and aliveness; this is the contrast of joy and melancholy. Rain and sadness are able to hide natures beauties. This contrast is almost made in April shroud which has oxymoronic ideas as April is the month of natures renewal, a pleasant setting and shroud is a cloth used for death. This portrays the idea of the mutability of life. Sadness needs to be accepted in order to enjoy lifes pleasures. Nature is a source of melancholy and like some aspects of nature, such as rainbows and waves, melancholy is not always long lasting. It is meant to be temporary, as life has many emotions through the human world as well as the natural world. Ode on Melancholy Essay Example Ode on Melancholy Paper The differences highlighted between Ode to a nightingale and To Autumn is, their way of accepting is based on different concepts. To Autumn does so in a positive way whilst Ode to a Nightingale does not. To Autumn can be related to Ode on Melancholy; their ideas on life are similar. Ode on Melancholys theme is based on the idea that melancholy cannot be felt without feeling joy. Keats presents this through the view of Joy being unable to feel melancholy, save him whose strenuous tongue / Can burst Joys grape against his palate fine. The grape metaphorically presents the feeling of happiness and that it needs to burst and be fully tasted in order for melancholy to be completely felt or understood. To Autumn is similar in the sense that Keats understands that life and death come with each other, you cannot experience spring without experiencing the robin red breast in winter. To Autumn also makes the distinction between life and death and how they cannot be without each other when he says full-grown lamb. Lamb presents new birth and the idea of a full life ahead, whereas full-grown presents old and near death. We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ode on Melancholy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By Keats putting the two together he is suggesting that death cannot occur without life. Both Ode on Melancholy and To Autumn express the inability to have something without the other. There is however a distinct difference in the language used in both poems. Ode on Melancholy is very negative and filled with negative images whilst To Autumn is more positively generated and filled with positive descriptions. Throughout Ode on Melancholy Keats uses negative emotions, images and ideas. Such as Sorrows mysteries and drown. Sorrow presents depression, sadness and grief which promote a negative impression to the reader. Also the use of sibilance in Sorrows mysteries, also contributes to the negative feel as it creates an eerie and sinister atmosphere. Drown is particularly violent image of death creating fears and worry. This aura is created throughout the poem, other words such as weeping, droop-headed flowers and rich anger are also used. Weeping again creates sadness and a feeling of distress. Droop-headed flowers takes the negative imagery to a natural level droop-headed is the stance of a dead flower through which Keats is using death images on nature, whilst also creating an idea of the flower drooping its head in sadness. To Autumn on the other hand is filled with positive imagery and ideas such as, fruitfullness and ripeness. This gives the idea of fertility and birth, which are considered beautiful images as it is the impression of new life and the start of living. Again Keats continues this positivism through the poem, through words such as sound asleep, patient look and drowsed, these also creates positive images. Being sound asleep creates connotations of being relaxed and in a place of calm and serenity. Patient look creates the same type of aura, that life is calm and simple; full of neither patience not worry nor distress. It is clear that Ode on Melancholy is very negative and To Autumn is particularly positive in its presentation what also makes them similar is that Keats has created an image and run it through the entire poem without change but a continuous feel of the same emotion be it negative or positive. The way in which To Autumn stands out from the other odes is its outlook on life and death, and its ability to fully accept both from the offset. The other odes however have a begrudging ability to accept anything. To autumn is the only of the poems which does not have ten lines in its stanzas, it is as if the eleventh line is that extra bit of understanding and positivism, the extra space to be able to accept death. To Autumn is a far more inspirational and beautifully positive poem creating a placid, relaxed and loving view whilst the others tend to make us, the reader, feel down and miserable as they have a much more pessimistic view on life. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Keats section.

ACT Homeschool Code for Registration

ACT Homeschool Code for Registration SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've registered for the ACT, you may have noticed that you'll need to enter a school code. But what code do you put if you're homeschooled? How can you make sure your scores get to you? We answer your questions in this guide! What Is the ACT Homeschool Code? The universal ACTHomeschool Code is 969-999.This code is applicable anywhere in the USA, and it's what you'll use when asked to provide a school code. When you use this ACT homeschool code, itmeans that your score results will be sent directly to your home. You will have already provided your address in a different part of the registration process, and ACT will use that information to know where to send your scores. Why Does the ACT Ask for School Codes? There are two reasons why students are asked to provide a school code when they register for the ACT. The first is so their school can see how well they and other students are doing on standardized tests. The second reason is that ACT uses this information itself to collect data on how well different groups of students do on the exam.This can include comparing scores of students within one local area, comparing scores of students in different states, and comparing scores of students in public schools vs home schools.Homeschooled students, on average, score higher on the SAT and theACTthan their public school counterparts. When Should You Use Your Local High School's Code? If you want to, you can use the local high school's code instead of a homeschool code,as long as you have permission from the high school. This could be a good option if you plan on attending the high school later on and want them to already have your ACT scores, or if you need to provide them your ACT scores to participate in their extracurriculars. Conversely, this could mean less privacy for you, since the high school officials would then be able to view your ACT scores. If that bothers you, then it might be better to use the ACT homeschooler's code and send your scores directly to your residence. Other Resources for Homeschoolers Taking the ACT Need more information on registering for the ACT? We have a complete guide on how to register for the ACT as a homeschool student. Are youwonderingwhen you should sign up to take the ACT for the first time?This guidedescribes the most important considerations to help you choose the best test date for you. What's a good ACT score for college?Check out our step-by-step guide to figure out your target score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Psychological and spiritual conquest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychological and spiritual conquest - Essay Example The Confession Manuals depict lust as the most prevalent sin, above drunkenness, lying, murder or stealing and did not value the Indians’ norms that governed the transition into adulthood. This portrays the missionaries as a group of self-righteous people who are out to satisfy their own lust, despite accusing the Indians of lust. They are missionaries who are expected to be well conversant with the 10 commandments, but are only focused on the sixth one. It does not help that they even raped virgin Indian women. On the Indians’ part, they may have punished both men and women equally for sexual transgressions, but they also had their unconventional norms that allowed them to dissolve marriages or change partners for reasons that seemed purely for adventure. In conclusion, the reading brings forth both the missionaries and Indians as having unconventional norms, albeit the fact that the norms have guided their lives before encountering each other. The different values come out distinctly as inappropriate for the modern

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal law - Essay Example Moreover, there are instances where the concept of crime within a particular country changes as society adapts to the tides of time. What used to be a crime yesterday is now legal today. A classic example for the changing concept of crime over a period of time is the case of defamation which had been decriminalized through the amendment to the Coroners and Justice Act in 2009 (OSCE). UK lawmakers have decided to relax the definition of crime insofar as defamation is concerned to make more room for the right to freedom of speech. This will remain true until the parliament decides to make further changes to the law on defamation. On the matter of relativity of crime in different jurisdictions, a good example would be possession of cannabis. There is no common consensus among the governments of the world as to the dangers and benefits of the plant and its derivatives. The countries that see more benefits have already legalized it, under certain conditions, while those who insist that ca nnabis does more harm than good continue to make its possession and use as a crime punishable with penalties ranging from light to life imprisonment and even death penalty. In the UK, possession and use of cannabis in any form is a crime but in Peru, it is perfectly legal.

The Branches of Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Branches of Government - Research Paper Example This is inclusive of the president who also cannot function as they please. Other parties in the government also have the right to impose the vote of no confidence on the president. Due to the tendency of many governments to usurp power, analysts argue that if left to run governments, a lot of leaders would end up running countries as private businesses. However, Campbell indicates that in the US the case is totally different (2). The constitutional makers of US divided the government into sections that would specialize in formulating laws, another section that would implement the laws formulated whilst the last the section would see administration of justice in the country. The Congress was mandated to be the law makers in the government whilst the president through the backup from the departments and agencies in the executive arm of the government to put in force the laws put in place. In line to this proposition, it is justified to argue that the president heads the non elected members of the government. It is also vital to note the establishment of the Supreme Court by the judicial authorities (Campbell, 111). This clearly aided in the checking the systems put in place in the government. The states and the citizens also have their administration authorities through the state governmental units present in all states. This is referred to as the governmental units that are legally authorized to operate within their jurisdiction. Of essence, the Executive that comprises of the president, vice president and cabinet members plays the role of ensuring that the daily operations of the country function effectively, such collection of duties, representation of the country in international forums, and safeguarding the country’s security amongst others (Campbell, 25). The Legislature, which comprises of the congress make up laws, and ensures

Perception Of Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay

Perception Of Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay Learning the perception of Interpersonal Relationships the past few weeks have been a very rewarding experience for me. I have always enjoyed talking to people, listening to people, and just being around people, but I never really knew just how important communication was and being able to do it effectively. Ive learned many things in this course, but my focus for this paper is going to be interpersonal relationships. What are interpersonal relationships? Interpersonal Relationships are very important when dealing with any kind of friendship. It is interaction with another person, usually in an informal setting, and is one of the best ways to develop and retain an association. In order to do this, you must have the ability to understand and get along with others. This is known as emotional intelligence: being self-aware, managing emotions, encouraging yourself, recognize emotions in others, and managing associations. Self-awareness is having the capability to get a little distance from the emotion so that you will be able to look at it without being overwhelmed or react too promptly. Managing your emotions is expressing them in an approach that is suitable to the situation. Motivating yourself is setting a goal and disciplines yourself to do what you have to do in order to reach that goal. Recognizing emotions in others is having Empathy, which you are capable of recognizing and sharing someone el ses feelings, and its essential to human associations. In order to handle relationships, you must be capable of organizing others, and negotiating solutions when there are problems to be solved, and generally bond with others emotionally. You must also have a sense of balance and be capable of recognizing your own needs and know how to execute them. There is importance of emotional intelligence to strategic flexibility. You must have strong self-concept, which is the way you think about and rate yourself. The way you perceive people and the planet around you, and how fine you comprehend and cope with others have nonstop influence on your self-concept. Perception, emotional intelligence, and self-concept have a nonstop manner on strategic flexibility because they can either improve or weaken your capability to expect, evaluate, estimate, choose, and relate your skills and behaviors. The healthier your perceptive skills, the more probable your emotional intelligence is high and your self-concept is encouraging. While becoming familiarized to using strategic flexibility framework, you build up self-control through self-discipline. Listening to others becomes easier when you are secure in yourself. Your perceptions are more precise, your interpretation of nonverbal behavior of others and attempts to actually comprehend improves. There is a larger chance that you will be capable of managing relationships more productively. Managing relationships is not an easy job. It is a learned behavior, and by having emotional intelligence can help you launch and prolong enduring, significant relationships. Physical attraction is paying attention to somebody for the reason of the way they look. The attraction can also be sexual. It can be a reason for wanting to get to know someone, but is not usually the foundation for a durable relationship. Perceived gain is when we are mesmerized by someone because we assume we have something to achieve from them. We typically inquire about others in our same category, but for a moment we try to intermingle in with a higher category because we assume the awards will be of greater value. Similarities are when we are mesmerized by someone because we share our attitudes and beliefs or seem knowledgeable about topics that are of concern and importance to ourselves. Our beliefs are convictions; our attitudes are the felt beliefs that preside over how we conduct ourselves. Compatibility is having related attitudes and personality, and enjoying the same activities. Differences are when people have very different beliefs. This is usually very unlikely that a well-built and enduring relationship will be produced. But it is possible for people with different personality characteristics to be mesmerized by each other. Proximity is the close contact that occurs when people share an experience with each other such as work, play, or school. Another type of attraction is cyber attraction, which is when we depend on cues such as verbal communication, mode, time, tempo of text, and utilization of punctuation and emoticons. This gives us the chance of interacting with others exclusive of the influence of physical attractiveness stereotype and the less significant number of cues has larger importance. A motive for interpersonal communication varies from person to person for the reason that each person has their own personalities and moods. When we take on a lot of interpersonal communication for pleasure, it is because it is fun. Affection is very important to happiness, whether it is articulated verbally or nonverbally. It is a heart-to-heart emotion. Inclusion is your association with others and is the most powerful human need. Belonging is everyones sense of well-being. Escape is used when we try to avoid doing something that we need to do. The newest form of escape is by computer. Chat rooms, e-mail, and surfing the net are ways of escaping without actually going anywhere. Relaxation is done to relax and unwind after dealing with the various activities of the day. Control is when you are capable of making choices. When it comes to health, it has been researched and shown that people with strong social ties live longer than those that isolate themselves. People whom are lonely are encouraged to join local clubs or organizations because of health-protective things. Cyber motivation is usually an amplified motivation because engaging in CMC is pleasurable and stimulating. It also has the capability of boosting self-esteem, and you are able to self-disclose with little risk of losing face. Relationships are governed by roles that the participants look forward to each other to play. They are for a time firmly clear; and at other times the participants have the flexibility to identify them. The foundations for conversations are usually started with small talk. This allows a person to continue contact without making deep commitments. Some tips for the foundation of conversations are as follows: introduce yourself in a way that allows the person the opportunity to respond to you; give him/her a way to remember your name; and personalize your greeting. Bids and the bidding process is what hold relationships together. Bids are questions, gestures, looks, touches, or a distinct look so as to say I would like to feel attached to you. Responses to a bid can either be a positive or a negative answer to the call for emotional connection. Owned messages are acknowledgements of subjectively with the use of first person singular terms (I, me, my, mine). Self-disclosure is when a person tells another person something that they wouldnt typically make known to just anyone. Social penetration is the development of escalating both disclosure and intimacy in a relationship. It is the majority of the most extensively studied process in relational development. The process of self-disclosure is divided into four sections, know as the Johari Window. The first section is the open pane, which includes information about yourself that you are willing to communicate with others, and you are unable to hide. The second section is the blind pane, which is kind of an accidental disclosure area. These are things that you dont know about yourself, but others know about you. The third section is the hidden pane, which is self-knowledge that is hidden from others. These are things you know about yourself that you dont want disclosed to others. The last section is the unknown pane, which is a nondisclosure area without any possibility of being disclosed because it is not known by you or by others. Self-disclosure is most rewarding when it leads to greater intimacy. Intimate relationships allow us to really be who we are and share who we are with another person. It should only occur in relationships that are of most importance to us. The essential elements of good relationships are: vocal skills, arousing self-expression, chatty focus, nonverbal examination, chatty support, concern and enjoyment, dedication, and adjustment. Vocal skills are having the ability to carry ongoing conversations, or dialogues with your partner about the relationship itself. Emotional Expressiveness is your ability to bid and respond to bids based on the way your brain process feelings, the way your emotions were maintained in your home, and your emotional communication skills. Conversational Focus is what you and another person agree to talk about. Nonverbal Analysis is your capability to interpret amid the lines and explore nonverbal cues of another person. Conversational Encouragement is vocalizations that reveal to someone that you are listening and interested, and prompts them to go on with talking and intricate their own ideas. Care and appreciation is a way of consistently using ways to communicate with a person whether you want a relationship with that person or whether you want to avoid that person. It is used mainly to foster a relationship. Commitment is the strong need by both parties for the relationship to go on and an eagerness by both parties to take accountability for the problems that come about in the relationship. Adaptation is the time and effort devoted to sustaining, heartening, and cultivation relationships, even the deep-rooted ones, and must be spent in both introspection and communication. It is important for you to speak, listen, agree, stay on track, and hold your relationship in an affectionate view. Another way of forming interpersonal relationships is by the internet. You can benefit from internet communiquà © because it promote vigorous contact and relations, offers stronger support systems for interpersonal relationships, allows people to be integrated into society and removes some barriers, reduces the cost of communicating with geographically distant acquaintances and strangers, increase social contacts beyond family and close friends, offers opportunities for communicating on an global altitude, and loosen the communal limitations that have traditionally protected morality and manners. Internet addiction can also be a problem. But it still affirms, reinforces, and assists in maintaining successful interpersonal associations. These are all the tools that aide in holding a relationship together. If you are not capable of adapting and adjusting your skills and behaviors, these tools are ineffective. So, it is very important to learn and develop strong communication skills so that you can be more effective in your interpersonal relationships. Communicating Effectively, Eight Edition by Saundra Hybels and Richard L. Weaver II.

Essay --

Colour vision refers to the ability of an organism to distinguish between stimuli based on the wavelengths of light they emit, reflect or transmit. We live in a world filled with colours which we use as an advantage on a day-to-day basis; to signify danger, make things stand out and to help us categorise the world around us. However, 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females (approximately 4.5% of the population) suffer from some sort of colour vision deficiency or blindness (Colour Blind Awareness, 2014). It is therefore of interest to investigate what is different about the visual system in this minority and why the occurs. This essay will investigate this by considering what ‘colours’ actually are in terms of wavelengths of light, investigating the differences of what we perceive to be a ‘coloured’ world based on the different visual systems of non-human animals. Finally it will look at what makes the system of colour blind humans different, questioning whether we can really consider them colour blind at all. The basis of our vision is a direct cause of photons (light) entering our eyes from the environment around us. We examine these photons in one of two ways; either the intensity of the light (number of photons) or by examining the wave energy. This wave energy is what enables colour vision, and refers to our eyes ability to detect slight changes across the electromagnetic system of light. As a whole this consists of a variety of parts; cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet light, visible/white light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves. Our human eyes are only sensitive to the visible white-light which ranges from approximately 400 to 700 nanometres (nm) across the electromagnetic system. Newton is heavily credited towa... ...t differences in colour therefore relies on the sensitivity of different types of cone cell within our retina. This is what enables us to see the full spectrum of visible light from blues into the deep reds. It is evident from studies with dogs, birds, snakes and other animals that having a different number of cones, or having these cones sensitive to different wavelengths causes a completely different perspective of our colour world. As a result Dichromatic or Monochromatic humans who are missing a certain type of cone(s), or even trichromatic humans with a cone sensitive to an anomalous wavelength can be labelled as colour blind. Whilst these ‘colour blind’ individuals are usually still able to detect differences in colour across the visible spectrum of light they ultimately see the colour world in an abnormal way to an individual with a normal visual system.

According to Arlov Grammatically

Many instructors urge their students not to start their sentences with the word â€Å"but†, or any other coordination conjunction for that matter. This can be disheartening for students because we commonly speak with our sentences beginning with a conjunction. However, writing is not like speaking. There are two schools of thought on beginning a sentence with the word, â€Å"but†. According to Arlov, â€Å"Grammatically, it is correct to start a sentence with but or any other FANBOYS conjunction.However, your instructors may discourage the practice for two good reasons† (343). She goes on to list the reasons. One good reason not to begin a sentence with the word but is because it is informal and casual. Academic writing is not usually casual or informal, and using â€Å"but† at the beginning of a sentence may make a more formal paper appear less than well thought out.While it is OK for some sorts of writing such as narrative or dialog, a professional paper is seldom written with coordination conjunctions at the beginning of sentences. Also, using words like â€Å"but† is addictive! It is easy to use and overuse. Arlov advises using conjunctions to begin sentences sparingly so as not to make it a hard habit to break. The other side of the issue says using but is just like using any other word to begin a sentence, and therefore, there is nothing wrong with it.

The Process For Firing a Government Employee

The Process For Firing a Government Employee The federal government’s disciplinary personnel process have become so cumbersome that only about 4,000 employees a year 0.2 % of the total workforce of 2.1 million are fired, according to the Government Accountability Office (GAO). In 2013, the federal agencies dismissed around 3,500 employees for performance or a combination of performance and conduct. In its report to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, the GAO stated, â€Å"The time and resource commitment needed to remove a poor performing permanent employee can be substantial.† In fact, found the GAO, firing a federal employee often takes from six months to over a year. â€Å"According to selected experts and GAO’s literature review, concerns over internal support, lack of performance management training, and legal issues can also reduce a supervisor’s willingness to address poor performance,† wrote the GAO. Remember, it actually took an act of Congress to give the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs the power to outright fire senior VA executives who failed to meet performance standards. As the GAO noted, the in 2014 annual survey of all federal employees, only 28% said the agencies they worked for had any formal procedure for dealing with chronically poorly performing workers. The Probationary Period Problem After being hired, most federal employees serve a one-year probationary period, during which the lack the same rights to appeal disciplinary actions – like firing – as employees who have completed probation. It is during that probationary period, advised the GAO when the agencies should try their hardest to identify and carve out the â€Å"bad word† employees before they gain the full right to appeal. According to the GAO, about 70% of the 3,489 federal employees fired in 2013 were fired during their probationary period. While the exact number is not known, some employees facing disciplinary actions during their probationary period choose to resign rather than have a firing on their record, noted the GAO. However, reported the GAO, work unit managers â€Å"often do not use this time to make performance-related decisions about an employee’s performance because they may not know that the probationary period is ending or they have not had time to observe performance in all critical areas.† As a result, many new employees fly â€Å"under the radar† during their probationary periods. ‘Unacceptable,’ Says Senator The GAO was asked to investigate the government firing process by Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wisconsin), chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. In a statement on the report, Sen. Johnson found it â€Å"unacceptable that some agencies let the first year slip by without conducting performance reviews, never aware that the probationary period had expired. The probationary period is one of the best tools the federal government has to weed out poor-performing employees. Agencies must do more to evaluate the employee during that time period and decide whether she or he can do the job.† Among other corrective actions, the GAO recommended the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) the government’s HR department extend the mandatory probationary period beyond 1-year and include at least one full employee evaluation cycle. However, the OPM said extending the probationary period would probably require, you guessed it, â€Å"legislative action† on the part of Congress.

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition Interference takes place when waves interact with each other, while diffraction takes place when a wave passes through an aperture. These interactions are governed by the principle of superposition. Interference, diffraction, and the principle of superposition are important concepts for understanding several applications of waves. Interference the Principle of Superposition When two waves interact, the principle of superposition says that the resulting wave function is the sum of the two individual wave functions. This phenomenon is generally described as interference. Consider a case where water is dripping into a tub of water. If theres a single drop hitting the water, it will create a circular wave of ripples across the water. If, however, you were to begin dripping water at another point, it would also begin making similar waves. At the points where those waves overlap, the resulting wave would be the sum of the two earlier waves. This holds only for situations where the wave function is linear, that is where it depends on x and t only to the first power. Some situations, such as nonlinear elastic behavior that doesnt obey Hookes Law, would not fit this situation, because it has a nonlinear wave equation. But for almost all waves that are dealt with in physics, this situation holds true. It might be obvious, but its probably good to also be clear on this principle involves waves of similar type. Obviously, waves of water will not interfere with electromagnetic waves. Even among similar types of waves, the effect is generally confined to waves of virtually (or exactly) the same wavelength. Most experiments in involving interference assure that the waves are identical in these respects. Constructive Destructive Interference The picture to the right shows two waves and, beneath them, how those two waves are combined to show interference. When the crests overlap, the superposition wave reaches a maximum height. This height is the sum of their amplitudes (or twice their amplitude, in the case where the initial waves have equal amplitude). The same happens when the troughs overlap, creating a resultant trough that is the sum of the negative amplitudes. This sort of interference is called constructive interference because it increases the overall amplitude. Another non-animated example can be seen by clicking on the picture and advancing to the second image. Alternately, when the crest of a wave overlaps with the trough of another wave, the waves cancel each other out to some degree. If the waves are symmetrical (i.e. the same wave function, but shifted by a phase or half-wavelength), they will cancel each other completely. This sort of interference is called destructive interference and can be viewed in the graphic to the right or by clicking on that image and advancing to another representation. In the earlier case of ripples in a tub of water, you would, therefore, see some points where the interference waves are larger than each of the individual waves, and some points where the waves cancel each other out. Diffraction A special case of interference is known as diffraction and takes place when a wave strikes the barrier of an aperture or edge. At the edge of the obstacle, a wave is cut off, and it creates interference effects with the remaining portion of the wavefronts. Since nearly all optical phenomena involve light passing through an aperture of some kind - be it an eye, a sensor, a telescope, or whatever - diffraction is taking place in almost all of them, although in most cases the effect is negligible. Diffraction typically creates a fuzzy edge, although in some cases (such as Youngs double-slit experiment, described below) diffraction can cause phenomena of interest in their own right. Consequences Applications Interference is an intriguing concept and has some consequences that are worth note, specifically in the area of light where such interference is relatively easy to observe. In Thomas Youngs double-slit experiment, for example, the interference patterns resulting from diffraction of the light wave make it so that you can shine a uniform light and break it into a series of light and dark bands just by sending it through two slits, which is certainly not what one would expect. Even more surprising is that performing this experiment with particles, such as electrons, results in similar wave-like properties. Any sort of wave exhibits this behavior, with the proper set-up. Perhaps the most fascinating application of interference is to create holograms. This is done by reflecting a coherent light source, such as a laser, off of an object onto a special film. The interference patterns created by the reflected light are what result in the holographic image, which can be viewed when it is again placed in the right sort of lighting.

The Mobil-Marathon case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Mobil-Marathon case - Essay Example The Directors of Marathon Oil Company filed an antitrust suit against Mobil at United States District Court in the Northern Ohio District. In the case, the director of Marathon argued that Mobil violated section seven of Clayton Act. The Act rejects the ideas of holding companies since they encourage the development of monopolies. The directors of Marathon wanted the court to restrain Mobil by preventing the company from purchasing shares of the company and permit the company to keep looking for other companies with which to form an appropriate merger. The district court ruled in the favor of Marathon Oil Company, which then proceeded to look for other companies. The directors of Marathon settled for United States Steel Inc., which was just newly formed. Just as the two were about to form a merger, Mobil Corporation filed a suit at the District Court in Southern District of Ohio arguing that Marathon had violated the Williams Act by withholding substantial information in its communication with its shareholders about merger and while filing with the country’s Stock Exchange Commission. Mobil Corp argued that the directors of Marathon had not disclosed adequate material facts of USS, Inc.’s tender offer. Mobil therefore requested an injunction on the merger. The district court denied the injunction. Mobil Corp appealed the ruling to the Sixth Circuit Court. The Circuit Court determined that Mobil indeed had the standing to bring a case against Marathon Oil Company since it was a tender offeror. As such, the Court began investigating the operations of Marathon as tabled by Mobil Corp. the court found that in its defensive tactics, Marathon Oil Company had violated a number of provisions of the William’s act (Kwoka and Lawrence 21). The two interrelated cases above involved a number of legal issues in the United States key among which was the interpretation and application of both the Williams Act and the Clayton’s Antitrust Act.

Resarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Resarch - Essay Example By conducting the operation against one of their own, it points to the facts that police forces selected to uphold the law are the same individuals involved in syndicate crime as the operations are always targeted to breaking major syndicate crimes which have been going on in a department or organization for some period of time without being discovered (Moore 402). In addition, the officer right to privacy has been infringed by placing him in the middle of a sting operation to weed out the corrupt elements or individuals from the force. Though, it is right for the police department to be overseen by other departments conducting a sting operations point to the weaknesses present in the judicial system and executive oversight committee of the police therefore discrediting the police department as one that should uphold justice and protect the citizens. Moreover, the sting operation shows the challenges faced by the police and Federal officer’s department in maintaining balance b etween accountability and oversight department (Moore